Ein Fall Von Albers-Sch$Ounberg'Scher Krankheit (Osteopetrosis) Mit Besonderer R$Uucksicht Auf Die Mundverh$Aultnisse

Following an experimental oro-paranasal communication, the mucous membrane revealed extensive cellular reactions in the different cell layers of the nasolacrimal duct. These cellular reactions as observed histologically were mainly limited to the injured area. However, increased epithelial cell proliferation extended to other areas of the mucosal membrane as revealed by the autoradiographic observations. Fibrosis of the submucosa was a pronounced phenomenon.

The stratified columnar epithelium in an area restricted to the traumatic communication revealed pronounced metaplasia into a non keratinized squamous epithelium.

Due to the limited experimental period (6 hours–14 days) no conclusions were drawn as to the problem if the cellular reactions are reversible or not.     

Immunization of newborns with bacterial conjugate vaccines

Bacterial conjugate vaccines are based on the principle of coupling immunogenic bacterial capsular polysaccharides to a carrier protein to facilitate the induction of memory T-cell responses. Following the success of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in the 1980s, conjugate vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis infections were developed and proven to be effective in protecting children against invasive disease. In this review, the use of conjugate vaccines in human newborns is discussed. Neonatal Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccination schedules have been trialed and proven to be safe, with the majority of studies demonstrating no evidence for the induction of immune tolerance. Whether their neonatal administration also results in an earlier induction of clinical protection in the first 2–3 critical months of life is still to be demonstrated.     

Subsistence agriculture and child growth in Papua New Guinea

Spatial statistical analyses of child anthropometric data were undertaken to assess the influence of systems of subsistence agriculture, in terms of staple foods and cash crops cultivated, on patterns of child growth in Papua New Guinea. These agricultural data explained between a quarter and half of the geographical variation in anthropometric growth indicators. Accounting for differences in altitude, relief and rainfall patterns, though explaining additional geographical variation, did not improve the predictions. Child growth was better in agriculture systems with cassava and sweet potato as staple crops, but worse in systems where banana, sago and taro were staple crops. Both the cultivation of all major cash crops, and sales of fish and food crops improved child growth. More intensive agricultural systems were associated with larger children indicating that the nutritional status of children benefited from intensification as well as from the introduction of cash crops into traditional subsistence systems.     

Auditory Neurotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity After MSMA (Monosodium Methanarsenate) High Dose Oral Intake

Context.?Human butyrylcholinesterase (huBuChE) has potential utility as a post-exposure therapy following percutaneous nerve agent poisoning as there is a slower absorption of agent by this route and hence a later onset of poisoning. Methods.?We used surgically implanted radiotelemetry devices to monitor heart rate, EEG, body temperature and locomotor activity in guinea pigs challenged with VX via the percutaneous route. Results.?Treatment with huBuChE (24.2 mg/kg, i.m.) at 30 or 120 min following percutaneous VX (~2.5 × LD₅₀) protected 9 out of 10 animals from lethality. When i.m. huBuChE administration was delayed until the onset of observable signs of systemic cholinergic poisoning, only one out of six animals survived to 7 days. Survival increased to 50% when the same dose of huBuChE was given intravenously at the onset of signs of poisoning. This dose represents approximately 1/10th the stoichiometric equivalent of the dose of VX administered (0.74 mg/kg). Intramuscular administration of huBuChE (24.2 mg/kg) alone did not produce any changes in heart rate, brain electrical activity, temperature or locomotion compared to saline control. Survival following VX and huBuChE treatment was associated with minimal incapacitation and observable signs of poisoning, and the mitigation or prevention of detrimental physiological changes (e.g. seizure, bradycardia and hypothermia) observed in VX + saline-treated animals. At 7 days, cholinesterase activity in the erythrocytes and most brain areas of guinea pigs that received huBuChE at either 18 h prior to or 30 min following VX was not significantly different from that of naïve, weight-matched control animals. Conclusion.?Percutaneous VX poisoning was successfully treated using post-exposure therapy with huBuChE bioscavenger. The opportunity for post-exposure treatment may have particular relevance in civilian settings, and this is a promising indication for the use of huBuChE.     

Haloperidol affects coupling between QT and RR intervals in guinea pig isolated heart

Prolonged QT interval is an independent risk factor for development of ventricular arrhythmias. Haloperidol is one of the drugs inducing QT prolongation. Previous studies showed that haloperidol affects not only QT duration but also heart rate (RR interval). The present work focused on relationship between QT and RR and its changes under acute and chronic haloperidol administration. The study included 14 male guinea pigs divided into control and haloperidol-treated group. After 21-days administration of haloperidol or vehiculum, electrograms in isolated hearts were recorded. QT/RR and dQT/dRR coupling were calculated. Chronic haloperidol administration significantly decreases the coupling between QT and RR. Acute haloperidol exposure significantly decreases the dQT/dRR coupling in both treated and untreated guinea pig hearts. Flatter QT/RR relationship reveals a lack of QT adaptation to increased heart rate. It should be emphasized that in such situation ECG recording will not show significant QT prolongation evaluated according to clinical rules. However, if QT interval does not adapt to increased heart rate sufficiently, the risk of ventricular arrhythmias may be increased despite practically normal QT interval length. The results are supported by findings in biochemical analyses, which proved eligibility of the used model.     

普济煎液对豚鼠EB病毒的抑制及免疫干预作用

摘要 目的 探讨普济煎液对豚鼠EB病毒的抑制及其免疫干预作用。 方法 经滴鼻、口腔接种EB病毒1周,造模成功后,把豚鼠分为5组：正常对照组、模型组、阿昔洛韦组、低剂量普济煎液组、高剂量普济煎液组,每组各9只,分别予生理盐水、阿昔洛韦、普济煎液灌胃2周。末次给药后,检测豚鼠血液淋巴细胞中EBV-DNA载量、血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IFN-γ、EBV-VCA IgG含量。结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组、阿昔洛韦组、低剂量普济煎液组、高剂量普济煎液组淋巴细胞中EBV-DNA拷贝数、血清中EBV-VCA IgG含量显著升高（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,阿昔洛韦组、低剂量普济煎液组、高剂量普济煎液组淋巴细胞中EBV-DNA拷贝数降低（P<0.05）;高剂量普济煎液组淋巴细胞中EBV-DNA拷贝数较阿昔洛韦组降低（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,阿昔洛韦组、低剂量普济煎液组、高剂量普济煎液组血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ含量升高（P<0.05）;高剂量普济煎液组中TNF-α、IFN-γ含量较阿昔洛韦组升高（P<0.05）。结论 普济煎液能有效抑制EBV-DNA复制,其机制可能是通过上调TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ表达,降低IL-10的表达,增强豚鼠免疫应答效应,抑制EB病毒增殖。     

Sex and Ontogenetic Variation in the Crest of Numida meleagris: Implications for Crested Vertebrates

Crested vertebrates are known from a wide variety of modern and fossil taxa, however, the actual formation and function of the crest is still debatable. Among modern birds, the globally distributed guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) is characterized by having a cranial bony crest (overlain by keratin), but surprisingly little is known about its development. Here, we studied the crest of 202 wild guinea fowl from the same population, using anatomical measurements as well as 2D-morphometry. Our results show that juveniles have smaller skulls than adults and have smaller, simpler crests that are visible even in very young individuals. Among adults, female skulls are smaller than males, and they have smaller, simpler shaped crests, which permit a discrimination between the sexes of 93% when the keratin is preserved with the bony crest, and of 89% when only the bony crest is available. By extrapolation, these results confirm that the crest can be used as an ontogenetic character, as well as for sex discrimination in the fossil record. Our results also show that the overlying keratin does not always mimic the underlying bony crest, which should be considered when reconstructing extinct crested vertebrates. Anat Rec, 303:1018–1034, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy